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Indos (short for Indo-Europeans) are a Eurasian people of mixed Indonesian and European descent. The early (pre-colonial) evolution of this hybrid Eurasian community in the East Indies commenced during the arrival of Portuguese traders in the 16th century and continued with the arrival of Dutch (VOC) traders in the 17th and 18th century. At the start of the 19th century, official colonisation of the East Indies started and the territorial claims of the VOC expanded into a fully fledged colony named the Dutch East Indies. The existing pre-colonial Indo-European communities were considerably complimented with Indos descending from European males settling in the Dutch East Indies. These European settlers, who were government officials, business men, planters and particularly military men without wives, engaged in relations with native women. Their offspring was considered Indo-European and ''if'' acknowledged by the father belonged to the European legal class in the colony. In 1860, there were fewer than 1,000 European females against over 22,000 European males.〔Van Nimwegen, Nico (''De demografische geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders'' ), Report no.64 (Publisher: NIDI, The Hague, 2002) P.18 ISBN 978-90-70990-92-3 ()〕 It was only by the end of the 19th century that a sizeable number of Dutch women started to arrive in the colony.〔Note: The numbers of Dutch females had already increased from 4,000 in 1905 to about 26,000 in 1930. See: Wiseman, Roger. 'Assimilation Out.', (Conference paper, ASAA 2000, Melbourne University.)〕 This increasingly hastened the growing pressure to assimilate Indo culture into dominant Dutch culture.〔Dutch single women and family matrons now traveled to the Indies in greater numbers as between the first and second world wars travel time to the Indies was shortened due to finalisation of the Suez canal, the Indies had been ‘pacified’ i.e. no more large scale wars were waged and the development of industrialisation and administration of the Indies attracted more Dutch expatriates which affected all areas of Indo culture. See: Gouda, Frances ‘Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies 1900-1942.’ (Publisher: Equinox, 2008) ISBN 978-979-3780-62-7 Chapter 5 P.157-193 ()〕 At the end of the colonial era, a community of about 300,000 Indo-Europeans was registered as Dutch citizens and Indos continued to form the majority of the European legal class. When, in the second half of the 20th century, the independent Republic of Indonesia was established, practically all Europeans, including the Indo-Europeans who by now had adopted a one sided identification with their paternal lineage,〔Gouda, Frances ‘Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies 1900-1942.’ (Publisher: Equinox, 2008) ISBN 978-979-3780-62-7 Chapter 5, P.173 ()〕 emigrated from the country. There are distinctive historical patterns of evolving social and cultural perspectives on Indo-European society and its culture. Throughout the colonial history of the Dutch East Indies key cultural elements such as language, clothing and lifestyle have a different emphasis in each phase of its evolution. Over time, the Indo mix culture was forced to adopt more and more Dutch trades and customs. To describe the colonial era, it is diligent to differentiate between each distinctive time period in the 19th and 20th century. ==The colonial position of Indos== Formal colonisation commenced at the dawn of the 19th century when the Netherlands took possession of all VOC assets. Before that time the VOC was in principle just another trading power among many, establishing trading posts and settlements in strategic places around the archipelago. The Dutch gradually extended their small nation’s sovereignty over most of the islands in the East Indies.〔Dutch expansion paused for several years during an interregnum of Bnitish rule between 1806-1816, when the Dutch Republic was occupied by the French forces of Napoleon. The Dutch government, exiled in England, ceded rule of all its colonies to Great Britain. The Governor of the Dutch East Indies, however, fought the British before surrendering the colony. He was replaced by Raffles. See: Bongenaar K.E.M. ‘De ontwikkeling van het zelfbesturend landschap in Nederlandsch-Indië.’ (Publisher: Walburg Press) ISBN 90-5730-267-5〕 The existing VOC trading posts and the VOC's European and Eurasian settlements were developed into Dutch ruled enclaves, with the VOC's own administration governing both their indigenous and expatriate populations. The Dutch East Indies were not the typical settler colony founded through massive emigration from the mother countries (such as the USA or Australia) and hardly involved displacement of the indigenous islanders.〔With a notable and dramatic exception in the island of Banda during the VOC era. See: Hanna, Willard A. ‘Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands.’ (1991). Large scale population displacement (called transmigration) only occurred after independence in the 2nd half of the 20th century. See: Transmigration program〕 Neither was it a plantation colony built on the importation of slaves (such as Haiti or Jamaica), apart from some nutmeg plantations in the island of Banda during the VOC era, or a pure trading post colony (such as Singapore or Macau). It was more of an expansion of the existing chain of VOC trading posts. Instead of mass emigration from the homeland, the sizeable indigenous populations were controlled through effective political manipulation supported by military force. Servitude of the indigenous masses was enabled through a structure of indirect governance, keeping existing indigenous rulers in place〔This strategy was already established by the VOC, which independently acted as a semi-souvereign state within the Dutch state. See: Boxer, C.R. ‘The Dutch Seaborne Empire: 1600-1800.’ (London, 1965) and ()〕 and using the Indo Eurasian population as an intermediary buffer. Being one of the smallest nations in the world it was in fact impossible for the Netherlands to even attempt to establish a typical settler colony. In 1869, British anthropologist Alfred Russel Wallace described the colonial governing structure in his book "The Malay Archipelago":〔Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869) 'The Malay Archipelago', (Publisher: Harper, 1869.) Chapter VII ()〕 ''"The mode of government now adopted in Java is to retain the whole series of native rulers, from the village chief up to princes, who, under the name of Regents, are the heads of districts about the size of a small English county. With each Regent is placed a Dutch Resident, or Assistant Resident, who is considered to be his "elder brother," and whose "orders" take the form of "recommendations," which are, however, implicitly obeyed. Along with each Assistant Resident is a Controller, a kind of inspector of all the lower native rulers, who periodically visits every village in the district, examines the proceedings of the native courts, hears complaints against the head-men or other native chiefs, and superintends the Government plantations."'' The need for a sizeable European population to administer the vast region of the East Indies did however initially steer colonial policies to stimulate inter-marriage of European men with native women. Up to the 19th century, Indos often occupied the role of 'Resident', 'Assistant Resident' or 'Controleur'.〔Another policy copied from the VOC, which had also stimulated settlement versus expatriatism. See: De Witt, D. ‘Children of the VOC’ at ‘The Easternization of the West: The Role of Melaka, the Malay-Indonesian archipelago and the Dutch (VOC).’ (International seminar by the Melaka State Government, the Malaysian Institute of Historical and Patriotism Studies (IKSEP), the Institute of Occidental Studies (IKON) at the National University of Malaysia (UKM) and the Netherlands Embassy in Malaysia. Malacca, Malaysia, 27 July 2006.)()〕 Colonial legislation allowed for assimilation of the relatively large racially mixed Indo population into the European stratosphere of the colonial hierarchy. The official judicial (and racial) division had three layers where the top layer of Europeans in fact included a majority of Indo Europeans. Subsequently these Eurasians were not registered as a separate ethnic group, but were included in the European head count,〔This continues to this day. Even now the Dutch census needs to ‘estimate’ Indo head count in the Netherlands, as in fact their numbers include emigrant Indonesians, refugee Moluccans and pure ethnic Dutchmen that were born in either the Dutch East Indies or Indonesia. See: ( CBS website )〕 unlike the practice in other colonies such as South Africa which had a strict policy of ‘Apartheid’ (i.e. stringent racial segregation) under which mixed race people were put in the separate legal class of Coloureds.〔In South Africa 'Coloured' was one of the 4 official legal classes, with fewer rights than white people and more rights than indigenous black people. In Singapore the British created a separate Eurasian class into which people of mixed descent were registered. See: Eurasian Singaporean〕 While in the VOC era of the previous centuries, religion was the most important colonial touchstone for measuring social and legal status, in the 19th century religion made way for racial criteria.〔Bosma U., Raben R. ''Being "Dutch" in the Indies: a history of creolisation and empire, 1500–1920'' (University of Michigan, NUS Press, 2008) P.223 ISBN 9971-69-373-9 (Googlebook )〕 In comparison to the British Indies and overall colonialism worldwide, strictly speaking the Dutch version of colonial policies and legislation did not maintain a so-called colour line.〔Gouda, Frances ‘Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies 1900-1942.’ (Publisher: Equinox, 2008) ISBN 978-979-3780-62-7 Chapter 5, P.163 ()〕 In comparison to Catholic colonial powers there was a lesser degree of missionary zealotry. However, it cannot be maintained that the actual expatriate colonists did not share similarly racist values and beliefs along the line of pseudo scientific theories based on proto-social Darwinism, placing the white Caucasian race at the top of society i.e. 'naturally' in charge of dominating and civilizing non white populations. Also, in the Dutch East Indies colonial practice was based on these typical values leading to cultural hegemony and chauvinism as seen in colonies around the world. So even though there was in fact no official ‘colour line’ excluding Indo Eurasians, there certainly has always been a ‘shade bar’.〔The term ‘shade bar’ was first coined in 1994. See: Willems, Wim Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600-1942) Part I, ‘De adeldom van de huid’ by Fasseur, P. ,(COMT, Leiden, 1994) ISBN 90-71042-44-8〕 What in comparison to other colonial powers of the time sometimes looked like a liberal and even modern attitude towards race mixing, was basically grounded in Dutch pragmatism and opportunism.〔Several instances throughout history Indos experienced this opportunistic approach through changing government policies. The last example being the official post colonial ‘discouragement policy’, which tried to manipulate Indos into not retaining Dutch citizenship and therefore not ‘repatriate’ to the Netherlands. See: Vos, Kirsten ‘Indie Tabe, Opvattingen in kranten van Indische Nederlanders in Indonesië over de repatriëring.’ (Master Thesis Media and Journalism, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Faculty of history and art, The Hague, 2007)〕 The process of colonisation imposed Dutch economic and cultural domination over the resources, labor and markets of the East Indies. It dominated to a high degree its organisational and socio-cultural structures and to a lesser degree its religious and linguistic structures. The pragmatic and opportunistic colonial policy and cultural perception regarding the Indo Eurasians varied throughout history. Overall the Dutch were careful not to totally alienate the Eurasian community, by far the largest segment of European society. Towards the end of the colonial period the Indo-Eurasian mix culture came under exceeding pressure to assimilate completely into Dutch imposed culture.〔Willems, Wim ‘Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600-1942).’ Part III, ‘Indocentrisch of egocentrisch’ by Seriese, E. ,(COMT, Leiden, 1994) P.183-185 ISBN 90-71042-44-8〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indos in colonial history」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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